An Introductory Guide to Understanding and Claiming Housing, Land and Property Restitution Rights in Myanmar: Questions and Answers

ဖဲပၢၤကီၢ် ဟံးဃ၁်ဖီၣ်ဃ၁်ၦၤတဂၤဂၤဝံၤန့ၣ် ကဘၣ်လဲၤကိးဝဲဆူ စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်အမဲ၁်ညါဒီး ကဘၣ်ခိး ကနၣ်ဝဲလၢ တၢ်ကဟ့ၣ်အီၤခွဲးယ၁်လၢ တၢ်ကသမံသမိးအီၤ (ကကိးကဒါက့ၤလၢခံ) လၢခံအဂ့ၢ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. ကွီၢ် ဘျီၣ်မ့ၢ်တဟ့ၣ်တၢ်ပျဲန့ၣ် ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤအံၤ တဘၣ်တၢ်ဟံးဃ၁်ဖီၣ်ဃ၁်အီၤအါန့ၢ် (၂၄) နၣ်ရံၣ်ဘၣ်လီၤ. လၢတၢ်အိၣ်သးအဖီခိၣ်ဒ်သိး ပၢၤကီၢ်ကဃိထံထံၣ်န့ၢ်တၢ်လီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးအဂီၢ်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ် တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိၢ်ကွီ၁်တဂၤ ကဘၣ်တၢ်ဟံးဃ၁်ဖီၣ်ဃၣ်အီၤ (၁၅) သီတုၤ အသီ (၃ဝ) ကသ့အဂီၢ် ကွီၢ်ဘျီၣ် ကဘၣ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်အၢၣ်လီၤတဲ၁်န့ၣ်ဝဲလီၤ. (ကွၢ် တၢ်ဟံးဃ၁်ပၢၤဃ၁်တက့ၢ်)

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ဒုးဃာ်တၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

(တၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်တၢ်အုၣ်သးလၢ ဘၣ်ဃးဒီးၦၤလၢအလိ၁်ဘၢတၢ်)တၢ်သိၣ်တၢ်သီအၦၤအိၣ်ဒီး လီၤလၤမ့တမ့ၢ် ၦၤလိၢ်ဘၢတၢ်တဂၤအပီၢ်ရီ ကစးထီၣ်လိၢ်ဘၢ တၢ်ခီဖျိ ကဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် ၦၤအုၣ်သးလၢ အထံၣ်တၢ်မၤအသးတဖၣ်ႇ တၢ်ပီးတၢ်လီလၢ အကဲထီၣ် တၢ်အုၣ်အသးလၢ တၢ်မၤ အသးအဂီၢ်တဖၣ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိၢ်ဘၢလိၢ်ကွီၢ်တဂၤစ့ၢ်ကီး သံကွၢ်သံဒိးက့ၤၦၤအုၣ်အသးလၢ အထံၣ်တၢ်မၤအသးတဖၣ်မ့ၢ်ဂ့ၤႇ တြီဆၢဂ့ၢ်လိ၁်က့ၤတၢ်အုၣ်သးလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်တဖၣ်န့ၣ်သ့ဝဲလီၤ.(ဒ်သိးကသ့ၣ်ညါလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးအဂီၢ်ကွၢ်ဖဲ တၢ်သံသမိး အမူးအရၢ် တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ် န့ၣ်တက့ၢ်)

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ဟ့ၣ်တၢ်အုၣ်ကီၤအဂ့ၢ်

တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ် အါဒၣ်တက့ၢ်တဖၣ်အဂီၢ် ၦၤလၢဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ ဒ်သိးကန့ၢ်ဘၣ် တၢ်အုၣ်ကီၤန့ၢ်တၢ် အဂီၢ် ဃ့ကညးဒီး တီၣ်ထီၣ်ဝဲဆူ စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်အိၣ်သ့န့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ကျဲၤဘၢကျဲၤကွီၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

တချုးဖဲ စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ် စးထီၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်န့ၣ် စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ် ကဒုးဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် တၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တၢ်ကျိၤလၢ ကဘၣ်တၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်လၢ ၦၤလိၢ်ဘၢလိၢ်ကွီၢ်ခံခီယၤဘးန့ၣ်လီၤ. ၦၤလၢအဆှိးတၢ် (မ့) ၦၤလၢအလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ ကဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်ဝဲလၢ တၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တမံၤအံၤ ကြၢးဘၣ်တၢ်မၤဘၢမၤကွီၢ်လီၤဒီး ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ် (မ့) ဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤတကပၤ ကဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်ဝဲလၢ တၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တမံၤအံၤ တကြၢးဝဲဘၣ်ဝဲဘၣ်အဂ့ၢ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. အန့ၣ်မးဒီး စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်န့ၣ် ကကွၢ်ဝဲလၢၦၤလၢအဆှိးထီၣ်တၢ်တဂၤ မ့ၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်အတၢ်အုၣ်သးတဖၣ်လၢၦဲၤဝဲလၢ တၢ် ကလိ၁်ဘၢအဂီၢ်ဝံၤ ကစံၣ်ညီၣ်တဲ၁်ဝဲဒီး ကသံကွၢ်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤတဂၤလၢ ကအၢၣ်လီၤ မ့တမ့ၢ် ကဂ့ၢ်လိ၁်တၢ်ဆှၢနု၁်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်တမံၤအံၤန့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ကျဲၤဘၢကျဲၤကွီၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

ဖဲတၢ်သမံသမိးၦၤလၢ အဆှိးထီၣ်တၢ်ဒီး အၦၤအုၣ်အသးတဖၣ်ဝံၤအလီၢ်ခံ တၢ်မ့ၢ်ထံၣ်ဝဲဒၣ်လၢ တၢ်အုၣ်အသးတဖၣ် တဂၢၢ်တကျၢၤလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးဘၣ်န့ၣ် စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်တဘၣ်ဟ့ၣ်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢ လိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ တၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်ဘၣ်. ပျဲပျၢ်ဖျဲးကွံ၁်ဝဲလၢ တၢ်လိၢ်ဘၢအံၤသ့ဝဲဒၣ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. ဘၣ်ဆၣ်ဒီး လၢခံနံၣ်လၢ အကဟဲတဖၣ်အပူၤ တၢ်မ့ၢ်ထံၣ်န့ၢ်က့ၤ တၢ်အုၣ်သးလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးတဖၣ်န့ၣ် တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢကဒါက့ၤ အီၤကွီၢ် သ့ န့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါနသး တၢ်ဖီၣ်ဃာ်တၢ်ဒီး တၢ်ကွၢ်ဃုတၢ် အဂ့ၢ်

ဖဲတၢ်စးထီၣ်ပ၁်တၢ်ကမၣ်ဒီး လိ၁်ဘၢၦၤတဂၤဝံၤဒီး စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်ကသံကွၢ်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤ (မ့) လၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိၢ်ဘၢလိၢ်ကွီၢ်အီၤတဂၤလၢ မ့ၢ်ကအဲၣ်ဒိး ကိးက့ၤဒီး သမံသမိးက့ၤ ၦၤလၢ အဆှိးတၢ် အၦၤအုၣ်သးတဖၣ် န့ၣ်လီၤ. ဖဲန့ၣ်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤတဂၤစ့ၢ်ကီး ဒ်သိးကတြီဆၢဂ့ၢ်လိ၁်က့ၤတၢ်အဂီၢ် ကဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် အၦၤလၢ အအုၣ်အသးလၢ အဂီၢ်မ့ၢ်ဂ့ၤႇ တၢ်ပီးတၢ်လီလၢ ကကဲထီၣ်တၢ်အုၣ်အသးလၢအဂီၢ် န့ၣ်လီၤ. အဝဲအနီၢ်ကစၢ်ဒၣ်ဝဲစ့ၢ်ကီး ကဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် အတၢ်ပ၁်ဖျါတၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တၢ်ကျိၤတဖၣ်သ့န့ၣ်လီၤ. (ကွၢ်က့ၤဖဲ တၢ်သမံ သမိး တၢ်မူးတၢ်ရၢ်လၢ ကွီၢ်ဘျီၣ်ပူၤ )

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ခွဲးတၢ်ယာ်ဘၣ်ဃးဒီး တၢ်တြီဆၢဒီသဒၢတၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

ဖဲတၢ်သမံသမိးပှၤလၢအဆှိးတၢ်ဒီးအပှၤအုၣ်အသးတဖၣ်၀ံၤအလီၢ်ခံ တၢ်မ့ၢ်ထံၣ်၀ဲဒၣ်လၢ တၢ်အုၣ်သးတဖၣ် တဂၢၢ်တကျၢၤ, တလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးဘၣ်န့ၣ် စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်တဘၣ်ဟ့ၣ်ပှၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိာ်ဘၢလိာ်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ တၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်ဘၣ်. ပျဲပျၢ်ဖျဲးကွံာ်အီၤ လၢတၢ်လိာ်ဘၢအံၤ သ့၀ဲဒၣ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. ဘၣ်ဆၣ်ဒီးလၢခံလၢလာ် နံၣ်လၢအကဟဲတဖၣ်အပူၤ တၢ်မ့

ထံၣ်န့ၢ်က့ၤတၢ်အုၣ်သး လီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးတဖၣ်န့ၣ် တၢ်လိာ်ဘၢလိာ်ကွီၢ်ကဒါက့ၤအီၤ သ့န့ၣ်လီၤ. (တပာ်ဘၣ်)

တချူးဖဲ စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်တစံၣ်ညီၣ်တဲ၁်ကတၢၢ်ဒံးဘၣ်တၢ်န့ၣ် စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်ကပျဲလၢ ၦၤခံခီယ၁်ဘး ကဟ့ၣ် ထီၣ်က့ၤ အတၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တၢ်ကျိၤတဖၣ် လၢခံကတၢၢ်တဘျီအဂီၢ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. တၢ်ဂ့ၢ်တၢ်ကျိၤတဖၣ်အံၤ ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ်ဝဲသ့ခီ ဖျိလၢ ထးခိၣ်အတၢ်ကတိၤမ့ၢ်ဂ့ၤ တၢ်ကွဲးမ့ၢ်ဂ့ၤ သ့န့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ကျဲၤဘၢကျဲၤကွီၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

ၦၤလၢအဆှိးထီၣ်တၢ်ဒီး ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤ (မ့)ဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဖၣ် အတၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် အၦၤအုၣ်အသးတဖၣ် တၢ်အုၣ်အသးအဂုၤအဂၤတဖၣ်န့ၣ် တၢ်သမံသမိးအီၤဝံၤအလီၢ်ခံ တၢ်မ့ၢ်ထံၣ်န့ၢ်လၢ ၦၤဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ အတၢ်ကမၣ်တအိၣ် ဒီးတၢ်အုၣ်သးတဖၣ် တဂၢၢ်တကျၢၤလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးဘၣ် ဒီး စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်န့ၣ် စံၣ်ညီၣ်ဝဲဒီး ပျၢ်ဖျဲးကွံ၁်အဝဲလၢကွီၢ်မ့ၣ်န့ၣ်သ့ဝဲလီၤ. မ့ၢ်ပျၢ်ဖျဲးဝဲဒ်အံၤအသိးန့ၣ် လၢခံလၢလ၁်စ့ၢ်ကီး တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်လၢ တၢ်အမူးအရၢ်တမံၤအံၤ တန့ၢ်လၢၤဘၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ကျဲၤဘၢကျဲၤကွီၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

လၢစံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်အဂီၢ် ကဟ့ၣ်တၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ် (မ့) ကပျၢ်ဖျဲးကွံ၁်ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်ဆှိးအီၤ (မ့) ၦၤလၢ အဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤအံၤအဂီၢ်န့ၣ် ဒိးသန့ၤထီၣ်အသးလၢ ၦၤလၢအဆှိးတၢ်တဂၤ အတၢ်ဟ့ၣ်ထီၣ် ကိးမံၤဒဲးအပူၤ ကဖျါဝဲ ဖျိဖျိဖျါဖျါလီၤတံၢ်လီၤဆဲးအဂီၢ်န့ၣ်လီၤ. ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်အံၤ တၢ်မ့ၢ်ထံၣ် န့ၢ်အီၤလၢ အတၢ်ကမၣ်ဖျါဝဲဒီး စံၣ်ညီၣ်ကွီၢ်အံၤ ကဟ့ၣ်လီၤစံၣ်ညီၣ်န့ၢ်အီၤ တၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်လၢအလီၤပလိ၁်ဒီး ဖိးသဲစး အတၢ်သိၣ်တၢ်သီန့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ ကွီၢ်ဘျီၣ်တၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်အဂ့ၢ်

တၢ်မ့ၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်တဲ၁်န့ၢ်ၦၤဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤလၢ အတၢ်ကမၣ်အိၣ်ဝဲဒီး ဟ့ၣ်အီၤ တၢ်စံၣ် ညီၣ်န့ၣ်ၦၤလၢအဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤဃ့ပတံသကွံ၁်ကညးက့ၤတၢ်ဆူကွီၢ်ဘျီၣ်အိၣ်ဒ်သိး တၢ်ကကွၢ်ဆိ ကမိၣ်ဒီး သမံသမိးက့ၤ အတၢ်ဂ့ၢ်အံၤသ့န့ၣ်လီၤ.ဒ်န့ၣ်အသိး ၦၤလၢအဆှိးတၢ်တကပၤ စ့ၢ်ကီးဃ့ပတံထီၣ်က့ၤ ဝဲဒ်သိးတၢ်ကကွၢ်ကဒါက့ၤ ဒီး သမံသမိးက့ၤ ၦၤဘၣ်တၢ်လိ၁်ဘၢလိ၁်ကွီၢ်တဂၤ အတၢ်စံၣ်ညီၣ်ဃၣ် မ့တမ့ၢ် တၢ်ပျၢ် ပူၤဖျဲးကွံ၁်အီၤအဂ့ၢ်သ့န့ၣ်လီၤ.

မၤလိသ့ၣ်ညါ တၢ်ပတံသကွံာ်ကညးတၢ်အဂ့ၢ်

Either police or military members conduct arrests without warrant. In most cases, arrestees are taken into military custody and undergo interrogation which often takes for several days and weeks. During the interrogation, lawyers or family members of family do not have access to them.
Afterwards, the arrestees are handed over to the police which develops the FIR (first information report). During the investigation, in many cases, police detain them with court order. Although the accused has the right to bail under the law, it is quite rare that the accused are bailed since the coup.
Then, they were transferred to prisons where they are detained and face trials in prison courts. At this stage, the accused have access to legal counsel.

Although the accused is entitled to cross-examine witnesses and challenge evidence. There is no healthy environment for lawyers who try to challenge or cross-examine. Lawyers are subjected to threats and harassments by judges or security officials at the courthouse.

Regardless of the argument or evidence, in most cases, the judge, believed to be under pressure, prosecutes the accused.

Lawyers and accused often present witness and evidence only to take the benefit of meeting with family members (they are not allowed to meet with accused who are detained in prisons apart from these occasions).

The accused hardly files a motion to a higher court in practice. Application of writs has also been suspended since the coup last year.

Regardless of proper evidence, almost in all cases, the judges will convict the accused and sentenced to prison terms.

Many accused have lost faith in the appeal process as they do not believe in the justice system under the military rule. Thus, many accused are not interested in the appeal process at all.

Without court order, those arrested in the areas under martial law are typically taken into military custody and held in undisclosed locations. In some cases, accused persons are held in police station. Once detainees are transferred to the prison system, they are often not able to meet or communicate with family or legal counsel in these types of cases.

Persons convicted in a military tribunal may face life imprisonment or the death penalty.
The death sentence can only be issued with the approval of the SAC Chairman
• တိုင်းမှူး၏ခွင့်ပြုချက်ဖြင့်သာ နှစ်အကန့်အသတ်မရှိ အလုပ်ကြမ်းနှင့်ထောင်ဒဏ်ချမှတ်နိုင်သည်။
Maximum sentence of the prescribed offense

The decisions of these tribunals are final. Even though the decision of these tribunals cannot be appealed to court, it can be submitted to SAC Commander in Chief or Local Command for revision.

The Commander in Chief or the applicable Commander are vested with the power to abolishing a decision in a case, increasing or commuting a sentence, or changing a sentence to another lesser one. They may also exert the authority to affirm a military tribunal conviction.

Application

Application must be made within 15 days from the day of a final judgement, applications can be made to the Chairperson of SAC, in case of death penalty.
Application must be made within 15 days from the day of a final judgment, applications can be made to the respective Command, in case of other sentences.