{"id":7334,"date":"2024-08-13T14:09:46","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T14:09:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/18.142.13.124\/?page_id=7334"},"modified":"2024-09-25T14:23:14","modified_gmt":"2024-09-25T14:23:14","slug":"right-details-women","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/right-details-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Women-Related Laws"},"content":[{"section_id":"1723558329843-491a47a7-6fd1","section_title":"\u1014\u102d\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038","content":"

Myanmar\u2019s 2008 Constitution guarantees all persons equal rights before the law and equal legal protection.1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

The Constitution specifically grants equal rights to mothers, children, and expecting mothers.2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

The government is prohibited from discriminating against any citizen on the basis of sex.3<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

For women under 18 years of age additional rights and protections may apply. See Children\u2019s Rights.<\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723558329858-7c00b56e-ff0a","section_title":"\u1000\u103b\u102c\u1038-\u1019 \u101c\u102d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (\u1002\u103b\u102e\u1018\u102e\u1017\u103d\u102e)","content":"

There are provisions in the Penal Code that specifically apply to women and gender-based violence. These include:<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Other specific forms of gender-based violence are covered under laws relating to trafficking, forced labour, and prostitution. See Forced Labour, Trafficking, and Prostitution.<\/p>

Under Myanmar law, rape occurs when man has sexual intercourse with a female person under 16 years of age, regardless of consent.9<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Rape of a female under 12 years of age carries 20 years to life imprisonment.10<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

If the female person is over 16 years of age, sexual intercourse without consent is considered rape.11 <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0This includes where a man has non-consensual sexual intercourse with his wife.12<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Consent cannot be obtained through deception, threats of injury, or from persons who cannot understand the nature and consequences of the consent,13 <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0including as a result of intoxication.<\/p>

Additional offences may be charged along with rape, including provisions against the use of force,14<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0voluntarily causing harm or grievous harm15<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0or false imprisonment16 <\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>

Although Myanmar law does not cover all forms of gender-based violence, or specifically address domestic violence, several provisions in the Penal Code may apply in these instances, such as specifically to protect survivors of domestic violence, including:<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Domestic violence is not limited to acts of physical violence but may also incorporate financial and emotional harm.<\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723559393613-cd3959c7-0a77","section_title":"\u1021\u1013\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1001\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u101c\u1030\u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f","content":"

Forced labour is prohibited with the exception of hard labour for persons over 18 years of age as part of a criminal sentence and in cases of state emergency.24<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Child labour means the sale, slavery, servitude, trafficking or debt bondage of a child, or forced or mandatory labour or recruitment for use in armed conflict.25<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Myanmar citizens and residents who are victims of forced labour can lodge a complaint by contacting an International Labour Organization (ILO) Liaison Officer, to seek compensation without fear of prosecution, harassment, or other form of reprisal.<\/p>

ll forms of trafficking in persons are illegal, and there are significantly harsher penalties for the trafficking of persons under 18 years of age.26<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Victims cannot be prosecuted for actions they were forced to commit as part of being trafficked under this law.27<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Victims can report their case to the Anti-Trafficking Task Force established under the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law (2005).<\/p>

Provisions under this law protect women and under 18s by closing access to court proceedings and documents to persons not directly involved in the case. Official approval is required before publication of case details.28<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Trafficking victims may receive medical assistance, temporary shelter and support in filing a separate suit in criminal and civil court against the trafficker\/s, among other social services.29<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Prostitution is illegal under Myanmar law.30<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Using words or gestures in a public place to solicit prostitution is illegal under the Suppression of Prostitution Act (1949).31<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

There are criminal penalties for economically benefitting from the sex work of others such as by owning and managing of a brothel.32<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Individuals found living with known sex workers may be charged.33 <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Those living with children under their guardianship also face monetary and criminal penalties if living with a person who earns a livelihood by prositution.34<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

It is illegal to knowingly allow a child under your guardianship to earn a living by prostitution.35<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

The Penal Code imposes additional penalties on offenders who exploit persons under 18 years of age for the purposes of prostitution.36<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723559502094-a7d77862-7fcc","section_title":"\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1015\u103c\u100c\u102c\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038","content":"

Voluntarily causing a miscarriage is illegal except to save a women\u2019s life.37<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

The sentence significantly increases if the miscarriage is caused in the later stages of pregnancy, without the women\u2019s consent, or if the woman dies by an act intended to cause miscarriage.38<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Concealing a birth by burying or disposing of a fetus or the dead body of a newborn is also a criminal offence.39<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

It is illegal to practice midwifery without a license.40<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

If an official medical board has not certified a sterilization procedure, both the practitioner and patient face imprisonment and fines.41<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

There are additional penalties for procedures resulting in the death of a woman or conducted without her consent.42<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723559622511-5c46b51b-14c8","section_title":"\u1005\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1030 \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038","content":"

Women must conduct searches of other women during an arrest.43<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Female children should be supervised by female prison staff.44<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women are always entitled to bail, regardless of the category of the offence charged.45<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women prisoners over 16 years of age should be admitted into prison by female prison staff.46<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women should also be kept separate from male prisoners and not handcuffed, shackled or whipped.47<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

A child of the female prisoner may be allowed to remain with the mother in the prison until the age of 6 if the mother so wishes.48 <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Under such circumstances, the officer in charge of the prison is responsible for food, clothing, accommodation and healthcare of the child.49<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

\u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a\u1041\u1046 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1005\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1030\u104f \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u102d\u102f\u1019\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102d\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u201c\u1005\u103d\u1015\u103a\u1005\u103d\u1032\u1001\u1036\u101b\u101e\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104f \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u201d \u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b<\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723559727884-afdd205e-6922","section_title":"\u101c\u1000\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u1011\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1000\u103d\u102c\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1005\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103d\u1031\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038","content":"

The minimum age of marriage is 18 years of age for both men and women.50<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Customary laws with regard to succession, inheritance, marriage or religious practices and institutions may also apply.<\/p>

There are criminal and monetary penalties for individuals who commit forced marriage or permit a child to be subject to forced marriage.51<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>"},{"section_id":"1723559807555-a65d6814-ec27","section_title":"\u1021\u102d\u1019\u103a\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1031\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038","content":"

Women and men have equal housing, land, and property rights. Gender discrimination is strictly prohibited under Myanmar law.52<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

The National Land Use Policy (2016) promotes the equal rights of men and women to land, including matters related to registration, inheritance and land management.53<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Any member of the household can register farmland. The head of the household and\/or a man is not required.54<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Additionally, the \"head of household\" refers to \"any principal member of a household who leads the household activities,\" regardless of whether the person is a man or a woman.55<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Joint registration of farmland with another member of the household is not prohibited by law. Men and women have equal rights to land, including the right to joint land holdings.56<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Customary laws may conflict with land-related rights, particularly with regard to inheritance matters.57<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

To learn more about housing, land and property rights see Land Rights.<\/p>"},{"section_id":"1725891723041-6618a2cd-5f1b","section_title":"\u1021\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1019\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038","content":"

Under Myanmar law, an employer shall not discriminate nor deny equal opportunity based on race, birth, religion, or sex.58<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women are entitled to equal opportunity in the workplace.59<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women are entitled to the same rights and salaries as men.60<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

All employees are entitled to minimum wage regardless of gender.61<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

In appointing and assigning duties in the civil service, discrimination is generally prohibited with the exception of positions that are deemed suitable for men only.62<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women in the formal sector are entitled to 6 weeks of prenatal and 8 weeks of postnatal paid maternity leave.63<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Maternity leave may be longer if the employer participates in a social security scheme.64<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>

Women in the informal sector are not covered by most of the laws ensuring maternity leave, among other labour rights, protections, and benefits<\/p>

.<\/p>"},{"section_id":"1725891762062-416d2369-9c55","section_title":"\u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u1000\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038","content":""},{"section_id":"1725891812089-d5937a1e-ed7a","section_title":"\u1015\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1012\u100f\u103a\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1004\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1005\u1009\u103a","content":"

Introduction<\/b><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Pardon<\/b><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Presidential Pardon\/Amnesty<\/b><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>"}],"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u1019\u102c\u1010\u102d\u1000\u102c\u1014\u102d\u1012\u102b\u1014\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u104f \u101b\u103e\u1031\u1037\u1019\u103e\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u104c \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u104f \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1005\u103d\u102c\u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u101b\u1019\u100a\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u1019\u1001\u1036\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b1 ((\u1042\u1040\u1040\u1048)\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1043\u1044\u1047\u104b) \u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u101e\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u102d\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u1000\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1004\u101a\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1019\u102d\u1001\u1004\u103a\u101c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030 \u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1015\u1031\u1038\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b2 ((\u1042\u1040\u1040\u1048)\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1043\u1045\u1041\u104b) \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103b\u103e \u1000\u103b\u102c\u1038-\u1019 \u101c\u102d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u1006\u1036\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1019\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1019\u103e \u1010\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a \u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b3 ((\u1042\u1040\u1040\u1048)\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u1025\u1015\u1012\u1031\u1015\u102f\u1012\u103a\u1019 \u1043\u1044\u1048\u104b) \u1021\u101e\u1000\u103a \u1041\u1048 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1021\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u1014\u1031\u1016\u103c\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1011\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u102c\u1021\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1015\u1031\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1001\u1036\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101b\u103e\u102d\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1000\u101c\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1030\u1004\u101a\u103a \u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103d\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1000\u100f\u1039\u100d\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103c\u100a\u1037\u103a\u1015\u102b\u104b \u1000\u103b\u102c\u1038-\u1019 \u101c\u102d\u1004\u103a\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1010\u100a\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1021\u1015\u1031\u102b\u103a \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1021\u1000\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f (\u1002\u103b\u102e\u1018\u102e\u1017\u103d\u102e) \u1002\u103b\u102e\u1018\u102e\u1017\u103d\u102e … Continue reading Women-Related Laws<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7334","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7334"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8261,"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7334\/revisions\/8261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lannpya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}